> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://www.headlesslaw.com/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://www.headlesslaw.com/data-act/readme.md). # Data Act *In force · Regulation (EU) 2023/2854, OJ L, 2023/2854, 22.12.2023 ·* [*Official source*](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/2854/oj/eng) **Regulation (EU) 2023/2854** — of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2023 on harmonised rules on fair access to and use of data and amending Regulation (EU) 2017/2394 and Directive (EU) 2020/1828 (Data Act) The full text is available article by article, one page per article (`articles/`). Every numbered paragraph and point carries a stable anchor (`#p-3` for paragraph 3, `#p-3-a` for its point (a)), so any provision can be cited with a direct link. The English consolidated manifestation from CELLAR is reproduced verbatim; the official text remains the EU publication at [EUR-Lex](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32023R2854). ### Contents #### [Chapter I — General provisions](/data-act/chapters/i.md) * [Article 1 — Subject matter and scope](/data-act/articles/1.md) * [Article 2 — Definitions](/data-act/articles/2.md) #### [Chapter II — Business-to-consumer and business-to-business data sharing](/data-act/chapters/ii.md) * [Article 3 — Obligation to make product data and related service data accessible to the user](/data-act/articles/3.md) * [Article 4 — The rights and obligations of users and data holders with regard to access, use and making available product data and related service data](/data-act/articles/4.md) * [Article 5 — Right of the user to share data with third parties](/data-act/articles/5.md) * [Article 6 — Obligations of third parties receiving data at the request of the user](/data-act/articles/6.md) * [Article 7 — Scope of business-to-consumer and business-to-business data sharing obligations](/data-act/articles/7.md) #### [Chapter III — Obligations for data holders obliged by Union law to make data available](/data-act/chapters/iii.md) * [Article 8 — Conditions under which data holders make data available to data recipients](/data-act/articles/8.md) * [Article 9 — Compensation for making data available](/data-act/articles/9.md) * [Article 10 — Dispute settlement](/data-act/articles/10.md) * [Article 11 — Technical protection measures on the unauthorised use or disclosure of data](/data-act/articles/11.md) * [Article 12 — Scope of obligations for data holders obliged pursuant to Union law to make data available](/data-act/articles/12.md) #### [Chapter IV — Unfair contractual terms related to data access and use between enterprises](/data-act/chapters/iv.md) * [Article 13 — Unfair contractual terms unilaterally imposed on another enterprise](/data-act/articles/13.md) #### [Chapter V — Making data available to public sector bodies, the Commission, the European Central Bank and Union bodies based on an exceptional need](/data-act/chapters/v.md) * [Article 14 — Obligation to make data available on the basis of an exceptional need](/data-act/articles/14.md) * [Article 15 — Exceptional need to use data](/data-act/articles/15.md) * [Article 16 — Relationship with other obligations to make data available to public sector bodies, the Commission, the European Central Bank and Union bodies](/data-act/articles/16.md) * [Article 17 — Requests for data to be made available](/data-act/articles/17.md) * [Article 18 — Compliance with requests for data](/data-act/articles/18.md) * [Article 19 — Obligations of public sector bodies, the Commission, the European Central Bank and Union bodies](/data-act/articles/19.md) * [Article 20 — Compensation in cases of an exceptional need](/data-act/articles/20.md) * [Article 21 — Sharing of data obtained in the context of an exceptional need with research organisations or statistical bodies](/data-act/articles/21.md) * [Article 22 — Mutual assistance and cross-border cooperation](/data-act/articles/22.md) #### [Chapter VI — Switching between data processing services](/data-act/chapters/vi.md) * [Article 23 — Removing obstacles to effective switching](/data-act/articles/23.md) * [Article 24 — Scope of the technical obligations](/data-act/articles/24.md) * [Article 25 — Contractual terms concerning switching](/data-act/articles/25.md) * [Article 26 — Information obligation of providers of data processing services](/data-act/articles/26.md) * [Article 27 — Obligation of good faith](/data-act/articles/27.md) * [Article 28 — Contractual transparency obligations on international access and transfer](/data-act/articles/28.md) * [Article 29 — Gradual withdrawal of switching charges](/data-act/articles/29.md) * [Article 30 — Technical aspects of switching](/data-act/articles/30.md) * [Article 31 — Specific regime for certain data processing services](/data-act/articles/31.md) #### [Chapter VII — Unlawful third country government access and transfer of non-personal data](/data-act/chapters/vii.md) * [Article 32 — International governmental access and transfer](/data-act/articles/32.md) #### [Chapter VIII — Interoperability](/data-act/chapters/viii.md) * [Article 33 — Essential requirements regarding interoperability of data, of data sharing mechanisms and services, as well as of common European data spaces](/data-act/articles/33.md) * [Article 34 — Interoperability for the purposes of in-parallel use of data processing services](/data-act/articles/34.md) * [Article 35 — Interoperability of data processing services](/data-act/articles/35.md) * [Article 36 — Essential requirements regarding smart contracts for executing data sharing agreements](/data-act/articles/36.md) #### [Chapter IX — Implementation and enforcement](/data-act/chapters/ix.md) * [Article 37 — Competent authorities and data coordinators](/data-act/articles/37.md) * [Article 38 — Right to lodge a complaint](/data-act/articles/38.md) * [Article 39 — Right to an effective judicial remedy](/data-act/articles/39.md) * [Article 40 — Penalties](/data-act/articles/40.md) * [Article 41 — Model contractual terms and standard contractual clauses](/data-act/articles/41.md) * [Article 42 — Role of the EDIB](/data-act/articles/42.md) #### [Chapter X — Sui generis right under Directive 96/9/EC](/data-act/chapters/x.md) * [Article 43 — Databases containing certain data](/data-act/articles/43.md) #### [Chapter XI — Final provisions](/data-act/chapters/xi.md) * [Article 44 — Other Union legal acts governing rights and obligations on data access and use](/data-act/articles/44.md) * [Article 45 — Exercise of the delegation](/data-act/articles/45.md) * [Article 46 — Committee procedure](/data-act/articles/46.md) * [Article 47 — Amendment to Regulation (EU) 2017/2394](/data-act/articles/47.md) * [Article 48 — Amendment to Directive (EU) 2020/1828](/data-act/articles/48.md) * [Article 49 — Evaluation and review](/data-act/articles/49.md) * [Article 50 — Entry into force and application](/data-act/articles/50.md) ### Level 2 and Level 3 * [Level 3](/data-act/level-3.md) --- # Agent Instructions This documentation is published with GitBook. GitBook is the documentation platform designed so that both humans and AI agents can read, navigate, and reason over technical content effectively. Learn more at gitbook.com. ## Querying This Documentation If you need additional information that is not directly available in this page, you can query the documentation dynamically by asking a question. Perform an HTTP GET request on the current page URL with the `ask` query parameter, and the optional `goal` query parameter: ``` GET https://www.headlesslaw.com/data-act/readme.md?ask=&goal= ``` `ask` is the immediate question: it should be specific, self-contained, and written in natural language. `goal` is optional and describes the broader end goal you are ultimately trying to accomplish on behalf of the user. GitBook uses it to tailor the answer towards what is most useful for that goal. The response will contain a direct answer to the question and relevant excerpts and sources from the documentation. Use this mechanism when the answer is not explicitly present in the current page, you need clarification or additional context, or you want to retrieve related documentation sections.