{"release":{"id":"2d86bd12ba77a288053b34ea2517324b92d03c8039b7f5d156fa4002421384a1","published":"2026-11-10T16:06:46Z","pinned":false},"limits":{"coverage":{"history":"full","held_since":"2023-06-09","gaps":[],"covered":["MiCA L1"],"not_covered":["national guidance","court decisions"]},"freshness":{"release_id":"2d86bd12ba77a288053b34ea2517324b92d03c8039b7f5d156fa4002421384a1","release_published":"2026-11-10T16:06:46Z","checked_at":"2026-11-09","checked_against":"EUR-Lex"},"truncation":null,"failures":[],"incomplete":[]},"page":{"path":"/mica/articles/70","url":"https://www.headlesslaw.com/mica/articles/70","title":"Article 70 — Safekeeping of clients’ crypto-assets and funds","family":"l1_hand","work_id":"mica","status":"in_force","force_status":"in_force","date_state":"current","requested_date":null,"as_of":"2026-11-11","applies_from":"2024-12-30","application":{"state":"applicable","next":null,"dates":[{"at":"2024-12-30","note":"Article 149(2)"}]},"version_label":"Consolidated version of 9 January 2024","check":{"against":"EUR-Lex","on":"2026-11-09"},"check_result":"matched","official_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02023R1114-20240109","valid_from":"2024-01-09","valid_until":null,"revision":1,"content_id":"3198193c5a61e4b5","change_date":null,"nearest_versions":["2023-06-09","2024-01-09"],"first_text_date":"2023-05-31","correction_applies":false,"versions":["2023-06-09","2024-01-09"],"version_url":"https://www.headlesslaw.com/mica/articles/70/versions/2024-01-09","revision_url":"https://www.headlesslaw.com/mica/articles/70/versions/2024-01-09/rev/3198193c5a61e4b5","versions_url":"https://www.headlesslaw.com/mica/articles/70/versions","relations_url":"https://www.headlesslaw.com/mica/articles/70/relations","source_line":null,"attribution":null},"provenance":{"official_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02023R1114-20240109","check":{"result":"matched","checked_at":"2026-11-09","against":"EUR-Lex"},"repo_path":null,"body_sha256":"2d5a48de4f47619d2cba79a71b548641a590b12f8f66b2adc09893b88555e065","markdown_sha256":"5f5d142fe70f3737e34969f3ee15f22dccc8407a9fd5e4746e8bc6f0a90d9269"},"units":[{"locator":"mica/art/70","kind":"article","status":"in_force","label":null,"heading":"Safekeeping of clients’ crypto-assets and funds","text":"","marks":[],"revision":1,"text_hash":"e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855","reason":null},{"locator":"mica/art/70/para/1","kind":"paragraph","status":"in_force","label":"1.","heading":null,"text":"Crypto-asset service providers that hold crypto-assets belonging to clients or the means of access to such crypto-assets shall make adequate arrangements to safeguard the ownership rights of clients, especially in the event of the crypto-asset service provider’s insolvency, and to prevent the use of clients’ crypto-assets for their own account.","marks":[],"revision":1,"text_hash":"41154d5e7ab9f43f02391440d4ffcb73db7cc8ab4ec3fdf7f78e6d6cc5e4f7d8","reason":null},{"locator":"mica/art/70/para/2","kind":"paragraph","status":"in_force","label":"2.","heading":null,"text":"Where their business models or the crypto-asset services require holding clients’ funds other than e-money tokens, crypto-asset service providers shall have adequate arrangements in place to safeguard the ownership rights of clients and prevent the use of clients’ funds for their own account.","marks":[],"revision":1,"text_hash":"ff950e68dd228f3a32740aefccd91c8d1305822b42c3ab0b637a54d81cd14b54","reason":null},{"locator":"mica/art/70/para/3","kind":"paragraph","status":"in_force","label":"3.","heading":null,"text":"Crypto-asset service providers shall, by the end of the business day following the day on which clients’ funds other than e-money tokens were received, place those funds with a credit institution or a central bank.","marks":[],"revision":1,"text_hash":"aea8a8b52516871b29c696b66bcd122a7d7e3e9e4fbe3f0efa5fdbff37c398f9","reason":null},{"locator":"mica/art/70/para/3/cont/1","kind":"continuation","status":"in_force","label":null,"heading":null,"text":"Crypto-asset service providers shall take all necessary steps to ensure that clients’ funds other than e-money tokens held with a credit institution or a central bank are held in an account separately identifiable from any accounts used to hold funds belonging to the crypto-asset service providers.","marks":[],"revision":1,"text_hash":"843c647cf1b0b6e478f228766d9cf9b14fe50c00d32e45668315d1318a347278","reason":null},{"locator":"mica/art/70/para/4","kind":"paragraph","status":"in_force","label":"4.","heading":null,"text":"Crypto-asset service providers may themselves, or through a third party, provide payment services related to the crypto-asset service they offer provided that the crypto-asset service provider itself, or the third party, is authorised to provide those services under Directive (EU) 2015/2366.","marks":[],"revision":1,"text_hash":"d1c599f03febe2d464021e584d18e2f6d60d93716ce3551f79d1581a7a36411a","reason":null},{"locator":"mica/art/70/para/4/cont/1","kind":"continuation","status":"in_force","label":null,"heading":null,"text":"Where payment services are provided, crypto-asset service providers shall inform their clients of all of the following:","marks":[],"revision":1,"text_hash":"701369ab77c7f30895debdbb896f40bd1ccabcab174dfc3b4b65feb5f4e0a0de","reason":null},{"locator":"mica/art/70/para/4/pt/a","kind":"point","status":"in_force","label":"(a)","heading":null,"text":"the nature and terms and conditions of those services, including references to the applicable national law and to the rights of clients;","marks":[],"revision":1,"text_hash":"2384398b67153f82f274729c753c2aa228e8f183ff8f6d4a69f0280d766bfedf","reason":null},{"locator":"mica/art/70/para/4/pt/b","kind":"point","status":"in_force","label":"(b)","heading":null,"text":"whether those services are provided by them directly or by a third party.","marks":[],"revision":1,"text_hash":"a3cd42a0ab146e16976ebe63d60f62770de4a0c0bccdafdc093681f95f8f4e87","reason":null},{"locator":"mica/art/70/para/5","kind":"paragraph","status":"in_force","label":"5.","heading":null,"text":"Paragraphs 2 and 3 of this Article shall not apply to crypto-asset service providers that are electronic money institutions, payment institutions or credit institutions.","marks":[],"revision":1,"text_hash":"24c61c508cd6381c7e120e7c6a440c2dcf05f8c993b1bb049dcd3b4dc75885b7","reason":null}],"markdown":"*In force · Consolidated version of 9 January 2024 · Verified 9 Nov 2026 · [Official source](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02023R1114-20240109)*\n\n1. <a id=\"p-1\"></a>[Crypto-asset service providers](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/crypto-asset-service-provider) that hold crypto-assets belonging to [clients](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/client) or the means of access to such crypto-assets shall make adequate arrangements to safeguard the ownership rights of clients, especially in the event of the [crypto-asset service provider](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/crypto-asset-service-provider)’s insolvency, and to prevent the use of clients’ crypto-assets for their own account.\n2. <a id=\"p-2\"></a>Where their business models or the [crypto-asset services](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/crypto-asset-service) require holding clients’ [funds](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/funds) other than [e-money tokens](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/electronic-money-token), [crypto-asset service providers](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/crypto-asset-service-provider) shall have adequate arrangements in place to safeguard the ownership rights of clients and prevent the use of clients’ funds for their own account.\n3. <a id=\"p-3\"></a>[Crypto-asset service providers](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/crypto-asset-service-provider) shall, by the end of the business day following the day on which clients’ [funds](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/funds) other than [e-money tokens](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/electronic-money-token) were received, place those funds with a [credit institution](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/credit-institution) or a central bank.\n\n    [Crypto-asset service providers](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/crypto-asset-service-provider) shall take all necessary steps to ensure that clients’ [funds](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/funds) other than e-money tokens held with a [credit institution](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/credit-institution) or a central bank are held in an account separately identifiable from any accounts used to hold funds belonging to the [crypto-asset service providers](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/crypto-asset-service-provider).\n4. <a id=\"p-4\"></a>[Crypto-asset service providers](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/crypto-asset-service-provider) may themselves, or through a third party, provide [payment services](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/payment-services) related to the [crypto-asset service](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/crypto-asset-service) they offer provided that the [crypto-asset service provider](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/crypto-asset-service-provider) itself, or the third party, is authorised to provide those services under Directive (EU) 2015/2366.\n\n    Where [payment services](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/payment-services) are provided, [crypto-asset service providers](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/crypto-asset-service-provider) shall inform their [clients](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/client) of all of the following:\n\n    <a id=\"p-4-a\"></a>**(a)** the nature and terms and conditions of those services, including references to the applicable national law and to the rights of clients;\n\n    <a id=\"p-4-b\"></a>**(b)** whether those services are provided by them directly or by a third party.\n5. <a id=\"p-5\"></a>Paragraphs 2 and 3 of this Article shall not apply to [crypto-asset service providers](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/crypto-asset-service-provider) that are [electronic money institutions](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/electronic-money-institution), [payment institutions](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/payment-institution) or credit institutions.\n\n***\n\n### Related\n\n* [crypto-asset service provider](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/crypto-asset-service-provider) — definition used in this article\n* [crypto-asset service](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/crypto-asset-service) — definition used in this article\n* [credit institution](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/credit-institution) — definition used in this article\n* [electronic money](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/mica/electronic-money) — definition used in this article\n\n## Related Level 2 and Level 3\n\n### Guidance and Q&A\n\n- [ESMA Q&A 2486 — Q&A — Interests earned from client funds \\[Published Answer Updated\\]](../level-3/q-and-a/esma/esma-qa-2486-interests-earned-client-funds-deposited-at-credit.md)\n- [ESMA Q&A 2578 — Q&A — Commingling client assets \\[Answer Published\\]](../level-3/q-and-a/esma/esma-qa-2578-commingling-client-assets.md)\n- [ESMA Q&A 2607 — Q&A — Staking on own account \\[Answer Published\\]](../level-3/q-and-a/esma/esma-qa-2607-staking-own-account.md)\n- [ESMA Q&A 2883 — Q&A — Crypto-asset lending services under MiCA \\[Answer Published\\]](../level-3/q-and-a/esma/esma-qa-2883-crypto-asset-lending-services.md)\n- [ESMA Q&A 2932 — Q&A — Transient exposure of EU \\[Forwarded to EC/Public Consultation/Other\\]](../level-3/q-and-a/esma/esma-qa-2932-transient-client-assets-non-eu-hot-wallet.md)\n- [ESMA Q&A 2933 — Q&A — Non-EU entities in signing \\[Forwarded to EC/Public Consultation/Other\\]](../level-3/q-and-a/esma/esma-qa-2933-non-eu-group-entities-transaction-signing.md)\n\n***\n\n[Title V — Authorisation and operating conditions for crypto-asset service providers](../titles/v.md) › Chapter 2 — Obligations for all crypto-asset service providers · [← Article 69](69.md) · [Article 71 →](71.md)\n"}