{"release":{"id":"a4f2a0495fe55b47323883f82977a9b34ab66171ec9623e39925d3a7045b6c81","published":"2026-11-01T16:41:30Z","pinned":false},"limits":{"coverage":{"history":"full","held_since":"2016-05-04","gaps":[],"covered":["GDPR L1"],"not_covered":["national guidance","court decisions"]},"freshness":{"release_id":"a4f2a0495fe55b47323883f82977a9b34ab66171ec9623e39925d3a7045b6c81","release_published":"2026-11-01T16:41:30Z","checked_at":"2026-10-26","checked_against":"EUR-Lex"},"truncation":null,"failures":[],"incomplete":[]},"page":{"path":"/gdpr/articles/22","url":"https://www.headlesslaw.com/gdpr/articles/22","title":"Article 22 — Automated individual decision-making, including profiling","family":"l1_generated","work_id":"gdpr","status":"in_force","force_status":"in_force","date_state":"current","requested_date":null,"as_of":"2026-11-02","applies_from":"2018-05-25","application":{"state":"applicable","next":null,"dates":[{"at":"2018-05-25","note":"Article 99(2)"}]},"version_label":"Consolidated version of 4 May 2016","check":{"against":"EUR-Lex","on":"2026-10-26"},"check_result":"matched","official_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02016R0679-20160504","valid_from":"2016-05-04","valid_until":"2018-05-25","revision":1,"content_id":"b36b0f13b352f7d3","change_date":null,"nearest_versions":["2016-05-04"],"first_text_date":"2016-04-27","correction_applies":false,"versions":["2016-05-04"],"version_url":"https://www.headlesslaw.com/gdpr/articles/22/versions/2016-05-04","revision_url":"https://www.headlesslaw.com/gdpr/articles/22/versions/2016-05-04/rev/b36b0f13b352f7d3","versions_url":"https://www.headlesslaw.com/gdpr/articles/22/versions","relations_url":"https://www.headlesslaw.com/gdpr/articles/22/relations","source_line":null,"attribution":null},"provenance":{"official_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02016R0679-20160504","check":{"result":"matched","checked_at":"2026-10-26","against":"EUR-Lex"},"repo_path":"spaces/gdpr/articles/22.md","body_sha256":"836831e501b2e234ec5324880810976c46076f2a7fc7c57a08ab03a66216ce5c"},"units":[{"locator":"gdpr/art/22","kind":"article","status":"in_force","label":null,"heading":"Automated individual decision-making, including profiling","text":"","marks":[],"revision":1,"text_hash":"e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855","reason":null},{"locator":"gdpr/art/22/para/1","kind":"paragraph","status":"in_force","label":"1.","heading":null,"text":"The data subject shall have the right not to be subject to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, which produces legal effects concerning him or her or similarly significantly affects him or her.","marks":[],"revision":1,"text_hash":"bb790f71f3fb93814ca7fe7d01f304eaa82acadc867dbfc8bfd724fe1cb04e1e","reason":null},{"locator":"gdpr/art/22/para/2","kind":"paragraph","status":"in_force","label":"2.","heading":null,"text":"Paragraph 1 shall not apply if the decision:","marks":[],"revision":1,"text_hash":"5a62b93ab6f13f20acdf8301bf45bb8cbee82e7f645a9c3345069ac6fe2d52d2","reason":null},{"locator":"gdpr/art/22/para/2/pt/a","kind":"point","status":"in_force","label":"(a)","heading":null,"text":"is necessary for entering into, or performance of, a contract between the data subject and a data controller;","marks":[],"revision":1,"text_hash":"d0fb072c4d6c54741b934c95fe2813531f773d66d0e7965e942355d4d9643933","reason":null},{"locator":"gdpr/art/22/para/2/pt/b","kind":"point","status":"in_force","label":"(b)","heading":null,"text":"is authorised by Union or Member State law to which the controller is subject and which also lays down suitable measures to safeguard the data subject's rights and freedoms and legitimate interests; or","marks":[],"revision":1,"text_hash":"84eae5376373548883e9b64fc6ee9a38b7022dc73accaf9a882bf65206df2ebc","reason":null},{"locator":"gdpr/art/22/para/2/pt/c","kind":"point","status":"in_force","label":"(c)","heading":null,"text":"is based on the data subject's explicit consent.","marks":[],"revision":1,"text_hash":"562b8bf4e63757ca1dc13a90ced90e7b3aecc8108d206f725607b7855da4d23f","reason":null},{"locator":"gdpr/art/22/para/3","kind":"paragraph","status":"in_force","label":"3.","heading":null,"text":"In the cases referred to in points (a) and (c) of paragraph 2, the data controller shall implement suitable measures to safeguard the data subject's rights and freedoms and legitimate interests, at least the right to obtain human intervention on the part of the controller, to express his or her point of view and to contest the decision.","marks":[],"revision":1,"text_hash":"a9fb387008b95913eef412f5588c98d98bc4202b02331d2bfe60952d56a491f1","reason":null},{"locator":"gdpr/art/22/para/4","kind":"paragraph","status":"in_force","label":"4.","heading":null,"text":"Decisions referred to in paragraph 2 shall not be based on special categories of personal data referred to in Article 9(1), unless point (a) or (g) of Article 9(2) applies and suitable measures to safeguard the data subject's rights and freedoms and legitimate interests are in place.","marks":[],"revision":1,"text_hash":"e951f24855e80a2ede2b3e85dfe7170e69972c255db28b5ffc42294e2c92a85d","reason":null}],"markdown":"---\ntitle: \"Article 22 — Automated individual decision-making, including profiling\"\ntype: regulation\nlegal_status: in_force\nsource: \"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02016R0679-20160504\"\nsource_retrieved: 2026-09-28\nshortTitle: \"Article 22 — Automated individual decision-making, including profiling\"\ninstrument_type: level1_regulation\nauthority: Commission\nbinding: true\nbinding_character: binding\nmica_level2: false\nlegal_basis: \"Regulation (EU) 2016/679\"\ninstrument: gdpr\ncelex: \"32016R0679\"\nregulation: GDPR\nregulation-full: \"Regulation (EU) 2016/679\"\narticle: 22\nstatus: in_force\nobject_id: eu.gdpr.legal_text.article.22\ntext_version: \"Consolidated version of 4 May 2016\"\nsource_url: \"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02016R0679-20160504\"\ncheck_status: matched\nverified: true\nlast_checked: 2026-10-26\n---\n\n*In force · Consolidated version of 4 May 2016 · Checked against EUR-Lex on 26 Oct 2026 · [Official source](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02016R0679-20160504)*\n\n1. <a id=\"p-1\"></a>The data subject shall have the right not to be subject to a decision based solely on automated [processing](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/gdpr/processing), including [profiling](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/gdpr/profiling), which produces legal effects concerning him or her or similarly significantly affects him or her.\n2. <a id=\"p-2\"></a>Paragraph 1 shall not apply if the decision:\n\n    <a id=\"p-2-a\"></a>**(a)** is necessary for entering into, or performance of, a contract between the data subject and a data [controller](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/gdpr/controller);\n\n    <a id=\"p-2-b\"></a>**(b)** is authorised by Union or Member State law to which the controller is subject and which also lays down suitable measures to safeguard the data subject's rights and freedoms and legitimate interests; or\n\n    <a id=\"p-2-c\"></a>**(c)** is based on the data subject's explicit [consent](https://www.headlesslaw.com/definitions/gdpr/consent-of-the-data-subject).\n3. <a id=\"p-3\"></a>In the cases referred to in points (a) and (c) of paragraph 2, the data controller shall implement suitable measures to safeguard the data subject's rights and freedoms and legitimate interests, at least the right to obtain human intervention on the part of the controller, to express his or her point of view and to contest the decision.\n4. <a id=\"p-4\"></a>Decisions referred to in paragraph 2 shall not be based on special categories of personal data referred to in [Article 9(1)](9.md), unless point (a) or (g) of [Article 9(2)](9.md) applies and suitable measures to safeguard the data subject's rights and freedoms and legitimate interests are in place.\n\n***\n\n[Chapter III — Rights of the data subject](../chapters/iii.md) · [← Article 21](21.md) · [Article 23 →](23.md)\n"}